Alcohol Drinking in Germany

Alcohol has the tendency to be a cause of death for a vast number of people. The consumption of alcohol can also have a consequence on your brain which in turn makes you tremble at the same time as loosing control over all of your senses, and it can also kill parts of your brain cells. What is more is that alcohol consumption can cause your liver to depreciate and not function appropriately.Liver transplants are not easy to take place and they rarely take place. Even if it does take place it is hard for a person with liver transplant to survive for too long. Even though it is general knowledge that alcohol consumption has the tendency to kill people, still there are millions of people who consume great amounts of alcohol on daily basis (Martina, Gert, Eckardt and Klaus, 2003).As known to all, Germany is perhaps one of the most alcohol-drinking nations from all over Europe, ranking fifth right after Luxembourg, Hungary, Czech Republic and Ireland. Only a small percent of about five pe rcent of the people of Germany seem to call themselves as teetotalers, which are people who   completely abstain themselves from the use of alcoholic beverages, ranking it, after Luxembourg as the European nation that has the lowest percentage of people who do not drink at all.With reference According to the World Health Organization, and as has been proved by a vast number of studies, the whole of Europe is said to have the highest amount of alcohol consumption with comparison to all of the other parts of the world rating it per capita consumption as twice as high as compared with the average of the entire world.AnalysisAs has been mentioned before, the most prevalent problem in the whole of Germany is said to be of alcohol consumption abd dependance on it as well. This is a statement that has been verified by Peter Lang, who is basically the head of drug prevention and abuse at the German Center for Health Education (Ryan, 2006).Basically alcohol abuse is said to be the most com mon as well as the largest of all social problems within Germany. As is known to all, Bildunterschrift:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  dangerous and detrimental using up is without a doubt connected with a number of psychosomatic, communal and physical condition problems, and in addition has a considerable economic bang on the social order as a whole.In the words of Peter Lang, â€Å"It's difficult to say what is causing this, because alcohol is more or less an accepted drug in a lot of circumstances, like for parties or other social occasions. If you compare Germany to countries like the US, there is drinking in public that is different and more accepted. Consuming alcohol during the day is really more accepted here in Germany,† (Ryan, 2006).

Micro and Nanotechnology Adoption by the Pharmaceutical Industry Essay

Micro and nanotechnology is starting to show promise in the pharmaceutical industry. The two key questions in this field are ‘what is nanotech’ and ‘aren’t all drugs nanotech – after all, they are in the nano size range’. These can be answered fairly simply; Nanotechnology is where the nano-size of a substance affects its activity – the size placing the substance at the interface between quantum and material effects. The classic example to demonstrate these effects is that of gold nanoparticles. Bulk gold is insoluble and metallic-yellow in colour. However, once the gold is formulated as a nanoparticle it is soluble and the size of the particle determines its colour – from bright blue to vivid red. Two key areas where nanotechnology is showing promise in the pharmaceuticals industry are tools for drug discovery, and secondly in formulation and delivery systems. In the development of tools to support drug discovery, nanotechnology is developing a trend to move away from high throughput to high content screening, where greater information on fewer compounds is achieved. As our knowledge about drug-target interactions increases, it is becoming apparent that high-volume/low-content screening can miss extremely interesting interactions and effects. For example, SPR biosensors can detect a ligand binding step and measure the binding constants. But it cannot measure surface stresses caused by binding, which are an important factor for example in antibiotic efficacy against MRSA and VRE. Here nanomechanical cantilevers have been shown to be effective in providing extremely elegant information that can explain the difference between various drugs that appear to have the same binding kinetics.[i] The move to high content screening has been slow due to the large investments in high throughput screening laboratories and so new systems need to be compatible. However, where systems are compatible with these techniques – for example using 96 well plate platforms, adoption is possible. As a result, improvements and adoption is currently iterative, rather than revolutionary, but it is happening. With regards to nanotechnology in formulation and delivery science, there are a number of early adopters of nanotechnology in the pharmaceutical industry. Table 1 shows a number of types of nanoparticle formulations that are already approved for marketing. The full list of approved ‘nano-enabled’ products is very small and those that have made it to the market are generally reformulations of existing generic drugs. We are still awaiting the second-generation nanodrug, where the nano-effect is integral to the product activity. Nanotechnology appears to be following the classic technology adoption curve as shown in Figure 1. This shows the bell-shaped adoption curve for any technology, overlaid by the technology acceptance line. Nanotechnology appears to have passed through the hype and trough and is now starting to be slowly adopted. It appears that the problem for nanotechnology in formulation is one of risk. Companies need to get their products to market quickly to allow as much market exclusivity time as possible – not to recoup their investment, as this is a sunk cost, but to recoup the cost of developing future drugs, the cost of which is becoming ever more expensive. The Tufts Center for Drug Development estimated that the cost of bringing a single drug to market was in the order of $1.2 billion in 2008, compared to $802 million in 2000.[ii],[iii] Given these issues, companies won’t adopt new technology unless they know that the technology has a clear and fast route to approval. This is particularly poignant in drug formulation and other rate-limiting activities that occur post-patent filing. Once a patent is filed, the clock is ticking on the product’s life. If a product is going to be a $1billion a year blockbuster, lost revenues will be at least $2.7 million for every day a product is held from the market. This produces a catch 22 scenario; no-one will take the risk to demonstrate a new technology, especially if it is competing with existing and proven methods, so no-one will see a clear adoption path and use it. This is reminiscent of the fledgling biotech industry 15-20 years ago. Pharma was focussed on small molecules and didn’t want to risk bringing into their portfolio relatively unstable products, with complex manufacturing methods and which were without a clear regulatory pathway. Now however, many traditional large-pharma refer to themselves as biopharma companies and Amgen and Genentech (prior to the Roche purchase) are in the top twenty pharma by revenue. Early adopters, such as Abraxis and Elan, have started to clear a pathway to approval, but as yet no company has developed a true nanodrug – ie one which was conceived as a nano-enabled product from first principles as opposed to using nano-formulation on existing products. Nanotech has a lot to offer the pharmaceuticals industry and if it follows previous technology examples such as biotech, the successful early adopters will reap the rewards. It still has a number of hurdles to leap, such as a clear regulatory pathway and a demonstration of value above and beyond current technologies, before it can become mainstream. However, there are significant efforts by industry and governments to help it to jump the technology adoption gap quickly and ensure it can assist in developing the next generation of products that are needed to solve some of the significant unmet medical needs faced by patients and healthcare professionals. ———————– [i] Ndieyira, J. W. et al. Nanomechanical detection of antibiotic–mucopeptide binding in a model for superbug drug resistance. Nature Nanotech. 3, 691-696 (2008). [ii] Outlook 2008, Tufts Center for Drug Discovery (Available at http://csdd.tufts.edu/InfoServices/ OutlookReportsRequest.asp) [iii] Outlook 2000, Tufts Center for Drug Discovery (Available at http://csdd.tufts.edu/InfoServices/ OutlookReportsRequest.asp)

Food Pyramid Essay

A healthy diet is composed of several groups of foods. The United States government developed the food pyramid in 1992 to suggest nutrition guidelines and intake endorsements for each of the food categories. The foods that we consume on a daily basis fall into food groups. The United States Department of Agriculture recognizes six major food groups. These groups are grains, vegetables, fruits, meat and beans, milk and fats. The foods in these groups all play important roles in nutrition and health. In April 2005, the United States Department of Agriculture released the MyPyramid food guidance system, a restructure of the older food pyramid focused on making healthy food choices and leading an active lifestyle. Any food made from wheat, oats, rice, cornmeal, barely or a cereal grain is considered a grain product. Grains are also known as carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are the body’s primary energy source, which is the reason why grains are so important for our health. Foods such as pasta, oatmeal, cereal, bread and rice are grains. There are two types of grains, whole grains and refined grains. Whole grains are made from the entire grain. They are good sources of fiber, which help to reduce cholesterol levels and decrease the risk of heart disease. Refined grains are processed to remove parts of the grain known as the bran and germ, which strips the grain of most of its fiber and nutrients. Refined grains are then enhanced to add back iron and B vitamins. It is suggested at least half of grains eaten to be whole grains. Imagine there was a medicine that could reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke, lower high blood pressure, prevent vision and digestive-system problems, and possibly lower the risk of cancer. There is no real medicine that can do all that, but according to the Harvard School of Public Health, you can get all of those health benefits just by eating plenty of fruits and vegetables. Despite their health benefits, only 10 percent of people in the United States consume the correct amount of fruits and vegetables. Those that eat fruits and vegetables are much healthier. The primary reason you should consume enough meat and beans each day is because these foods supply you with a healthy dose of protein. Protein supports healthy growth and development, including the correct formation of muscle and tissue. Eating sufficient amounts of protein is a healthy way to boost your energy so you can be physically active as well. One of the most notable vitamins present in meat and beans is niacin, a B vitamin that helps turn food into energy. Niacin has also been noted to have an increase in good cholesterol. The primary mineral in meat and beans is iron, which you need to produce healthy red blood cells that are able to transport oxygen throughout your body. Beans supply more iron per serving than meat, but both foods are healthy sources of this mineral. Milk has a rich source of calcium and minerals that our body needs to build and maintain strong bones and teeth and assist in the proper contraction of our muscles. It also provides a large amount of vitamins A, B, and D, all of which help proper growth and development. The main reason why milk is so important to the human body is because of how much calcium it carries with it. Fat is frequently criticized as a cause of rising obesity rates and problems associated with extra weight, making many people think they need to avoid fat. In fact, fats are important in your diet for a number of reasons. Fats provide your body with energy and provide storage spots for energy in the body. Because your body can’t make certain essential fatty acids, it relies on your diet to provide them. In conclusion, the primary food groups are very essential to your body in order for it to be healthy. At the looks of it, if humans weren’t consuming any of these food groups on a daily basis, in the long run it would cause a very large number of health problems. The reason why the food Pyramid was created was to show people a healthier life style to live so they can hopefully improve their health and lifespan. In general, eating healthy foods like this makes your body feel much better and you are generally much happier.

Effect of the Population Growth Policy on the Economic Growth in Research Paper

Effect of the Population Growth Policy on the Economic Growth in France and Germany - Research Paper Example The increased birth rate is subject to numerous factors e.g. sociological, psychological, and cultural factors. The French government, using the family policy ensures the birthrate increases without having a big impact on the living standards. The infant mortality rate in France has fallen by 30 percent and this has led to an increased population. The population growth rate in France and Germany affect the prospects of economic growth directly. Population growth policy is a deliberately constructed institutional arrangement with specific programs through which governments influence the demographic change. The definition is vulnerable to multiple interpretations. It can also be viewed as a mechanism aimed at bringing qualitative changes into the populace of the territory under the government’s jurisdiction. The additions to membership are effected through births and immigration while losses are caused by death and emigration. The death rate is seen to fall, under health policy leaving the immigration and emigration to be subject to the governmental direction in population growth policy. This paper seeks to look into the effects of population growth on economic growth in France and Germany. The governments of France and Germany have been careful to allow modification of qualitative aspects of population growth policy. This has been tried to the family policy of both countries. The governments targeted the family unit as the most appropriate place to target growth. The policy looks into migration, fertility and the composition of these populations. This happens through the use of demographic factors and spatial distribution of the population. The birth rate in France is said to be falling. The lion share of the French national income goes to the family as opposed to other expenditure. The rising standard of living in France has altered the position of women in the society.

Analyze a current or past relationship and create a strategy for Essay

Analyze a current or past relationship and create a strategy for managing it - Essay Example Losing contact with each other, we both had strings of relationships until both of us had our families. Both of us had only one child out of our own marriages and both of us got divorced from our spouses. Twenty years later, Andy came back to visit me at my mom’s house. He just took a chance if I was there, and was surprised when I was, as I was also visiting her. It was a pleasant surprise for both of us. At first, it was awkward seeing your first love two decades later when a whole lifetime has passed in between. We caught up with each other’s lives, but did not have enough time, since he was flying back to Australia the following day. A week later, I found a friend request on Facebook from Andy which I happily accepted. Since that time, we have spent much time chatting with each other, and even tried video-chatting a few times. Over time, we realized we were still in love with each other after all these years. Although we did not officially declare that we are once a gain a couple, we treat each other as if we are. I cannot fully commit to him because I did not really believe in long distance relationships, and somehow, had doubts as to his relationship history, since he has shared that he’s been into several relationships after his divorce. I, myself, have not gone dating after my divorce, so I had several qualms about getting into a serious relationship at this point in my life. Meanwhile, I decided to enjoy what Andy and I currently have, without the complications of commitment. It is what is known in social networking sites as a relationship status of â€Å"It’s Complicated†. Attraction Our initial attraction to each other was physical. Andy was a very handsome teenager, and was quite popular with the girls. On the other hand, I did not look bad myself, being a cheerleader and a prom queen contender. Knowing each other well as we dated exclusively in our teens, the attraction went beyond the surface. I discovered that he had a kind heart which was compassionate to others in need. He was a very good son and brother and to top it all, he had a sense of humor that complemented mine. I admired his drive and ambition to be successful, and envied his focus and persistence in his studies. I was sure that he was a great catch and would be an ideal husband and father as well as a successful professional in the future. Andy admitted that he fell in love with my feminine ways and the way I treated my family and friends. He felt very protective over me because I was so naive. He liked the fact that I was very down-to-earth and did not waste my time on shallow things such as fashion, make-up and boys. He loved my simplicity and the fact that I was a homebody, very skilled in cooking and home design and organization. He also thought I would make the perfect wife and mother someday. Our short term and long-term attraction factors for each other may be explained theoretically. Matlin (2008) explains gender differe nces in attraction partner as based on an evolutionary psychology approach. According to this approach, people’s preferences have roots in evolution where men prefer young, attractive, healthy-looking women who are likely to pass on men’s genes to the next generation. On the other hand, women are drawn to men who are economically stable to ensure that their future children are well provided for (Matlin, 2008). Women were also found to value a partner’s ambition, industriousness and social dominance as well as emotional

Effects of capitalism and socialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Effects of capitalism and socialism - Essay Example The system of socialism does not have the objective of accumulation of capital as followed by profit driven entities. The methods of accounting for a system of socialism does not follow financial calculations but is recorded on the basis of physical quantities, labor and time. Capitalism on the other hand is a system of economy where the means of production are owned by the corporate houses and the private businesses. The management of the ownership structure in a capitalist system is based on the production of goods and services for earning of profits. In a system of capitalism, the prices of goods and services are based on the market forces like competition, customer base, etc. The motives of capitalism are based on the accumulation of capital by the ownership structure. The methods of accounting in a capitalist structure in based on financial calculations. Effects: socialism and capitalism The systems of socialism and capitalism in the economy are different from the management of ownership of these two structures. The motives of socialism and capitalism also vary from each other. Due to this, the effects of socialism and capitalism are different from one another. The system of socialism is aimed at production of goods and services solely for the economic conditions of demand. ... The system of socialism has an effect on the labor wages and rights of the workers. The wages of labor are not reduced below a certain level in socialist economy. The minimum labor wages are sufficient to earn the livelihood in a socialist economy. However, due to absence of competition in the market, the employment level in the market is nor too high. There are a lot of people in the economy who are unemployed. Due to equitable distribution of goods and services in the structure of socialism, the demand of goods and services do not exceed the supply by much. Thus there is very little scope of inflation in a socialist economy. Also the production of goods and services are much lower in order to only meet the minimum demand of the population. Thus the GDP growth rates of the economy are much lower. On the other hand, the capitalism structure is driven by the profit motives. The system of capitalism includes the market forces of competition, labor wages, prices of goods and services fo r the growth of economy. The ultimate objective of the owners in a capitalist economy is the accumulation of business capital (Jones, 2010). The increase in competition of the market forces leads to increase in the production capacities. The increase in the production capacities and the requirement of labor for increased production gives rise to the employment level in the economy. Thus the availability of more jobs raises the bargaining power of the employers for which the labor wage rates decline in a capitalist economy. However, the rise in liquidity in the economy and shortage of employment among a few sections of the population gives rise to disparity of the

The Quit as a Uniter and Divider Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Quit as a Uniter and Divider - Essay Example It is this quilt, a symbol and historical accounting of the struggles, trial, and tribulations of black women in America, that divides the family, and illustrates Walker’s frustration with the desire by many modern women to break away from their past, and to devalue the true struggles and accomplishments of African-American women, within the context of a life filled with prejudice and hardship. As the modern and foreward-thinking daughter, Dee, visits home and her mother, Mama and sister, Maggie, Dee looks for and finds two quilts that Mama and her sister, Dicie, had worked on together and created. The bonds of sisterhood in the Jim Crowe South were of the utmost importance to survival, and quilts in general represent this bond and struggle for survival. Not only are they wonderful folk art, but are also representations--a visual accounting-- of the struggle for light in a darkened world. This marvelous history, chronicled in quilts, is one to be valued, and remembered, a test ament to a history filled with pride and struggles. It is clear in this short story that Mama and Maggie, still living in the homestead, and rooted in the culture of the South, value this history. Dee, on the other hand, is only in to visit, has married a man with a foreign religion, has eschewed her given name for an African name which Mama cannot even pronounce, and is filled with self-righteous indignation at the oppressive past of her family. In a way she wants to wear this past as a badge, but also move on from it at the same time. The quilt represents this struggle within Dee to have remnants from her family’s past, such as the quilt, but to also neatly fold it away in a drawer, and take it out when needed. Dee sees this history as something to be used and manipulated, while Mama and Maggie see it as something to be proud of, to use every day and to cover their bodies in warmth and the basic pride of remembrance. The tension in the story in manifested by the quilts and Dee’s desire to have them (Whitsett). Mama, had promised them to Maggie. Dee want the quilts, but Mama knows that Maggie deserves them more than Dee does. Although Maggie had not had the opportunities Dee has had in life, and is not as successful as Dee, Maggie represents a more traditional view of family, history, and struggles, that Dee, with all her worldliness and sophistication, cannot fathom. Dee becomes angry at Mama’s refusal to let her take what she wants from the house. Mama can sense that Dee will not treat the quilts with the requisite respect that Maggie would. The quilt is used to highlight the tension between Mama and Dee, and Dee and Maggie, in particular. Dee and Maggie have had a fractured relationship throughout their lives, and represent the struggle between modernism and traditionalism in the black community. Many want to wear their heritage like a trophy, take on African names, dress in African garb, to show their former â€Å"oppressors† t hat they are strong, powerful, and independent. This means moving on from the lifestyle that Mama and Maggie represent--one of traditional respect to their own family, and the strong women who led families and held the African American family together in difficult times. While Mama and Aunt Dicie were close sisters and created the beautiful quilts together, Maggie and Dee have no such relationship and barely talk, with little sisterhood or communication between them. Indeed, the more modern Dee looks down on Maggie and feels she can waltz in the house,

Privatisation in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Privatisation in UK - Essay Example Privatisation in the UK has been part of a broader strategy to increase the role of markets in former state industries, to change the means of public control (by substituting arms-length regulation for more direct political control) and to modify incentives to economic efficiency. This process has taken more than fifteen years so far, and will take longer still to come to come to full fruition. The Government's approach to Company Law Reform has been dominated by a desire to please sections of the business lobby. This has undermined attempts to deliver corporate responsibility. In November 2005, Gordon Brown announced his intention to scrap the Operating and Financial Review (OFR), which would have obliged companies to report on their social and environmental performance. It is thus inevitable to take into consideration the underlying system of national (corporate) laws that regulates this field or that suffers from proper implementation, reform or application. The law is directly related to the performance of management in the process of directing and controlling the company as a means of maximizing the residuals and the value of the company for its shareholders, including all the interested parties under the stakeholder concept: workers; management; buyers; suppliers; creditors; local government; and so forth. The key to this obviously lies in the way the company is cond ucted, as well as the capacity of its managers to keep a continuity of success, regardless of the economic circumstances and the problems of the company itself. Stronger government oversight is necessary. Accounting reports have to give a clear picture on the company's operation as well as of its financial structure. Application of company law may give rise to conflicts of interest between a company and the government law. The Trade Justice Movement and the Corporate Responsibility (CORE) coalition are calling on the Government to ensure new laws, which apply to UK firms hold company directors to account for the impact of their activities on communities, workers and the environment in Britain and overseas. 'Disclosure', 'transparency' and 'shareholder value' make up the framework of shareholding governance nowadays and are amongst the most common words in company law while treating with privatisation symptoms and while seeking ways to combat its ills. These institutions look "ideally" towards improved corporate governance standards (which is selfish), in particular on facilitating developing markets to re-establish competition (again persona l gain), gain investors' confidence (for company profit) and promote national economical growth (where they seldom allow intervention, which poses the problem of applying proper company law). Trying to seek easier and cheaper alternatives to counter competition companies are going haywire with their social responsibility that seldom adhere to UK company law even if it exists or find ways to seek loopholes (since they remain unaccountable). Like companies, producing palm oil in the UK is actually obtaining by driving rapid rainforest destruction in South East Asia. Over 500 UK companies have been trading in palm oil, most for more than a decade now without any UK company law to curb them. Yet despite high profile public campaigns about its impacts, virtually none of these companies can prove

Corporate Socail Respinsibility of Merck Pharmeceuticals Research Paper

Corporate Socail Respinsibility of Merck Pharmeceuticals - Research Paper Example In a more modern and popular sense, CSR has become a public relations form as well as a marketing strategy that also pre-empts regulatory agencies (Mintzberg, 1983). However, there are many ways that firms or corporations apply CSR in their business system. One of the approaches is the community-based development where a firm establishes community presence and program in a fixed geographical area either in the area of their operation or outside of it. Some of the examples of community-based programs are efforts such as livelihood assistance for a supplier-manufacturing of clothes by a branded clothing, starting a literacy program through provision of books and learning aids, supervision, evaluation and recommendation for improvement in a certain school or area, waterways clean-up, and other efforts. A traditional approach has been philanthropy where corporations provide cash donations, products or tangible materials to a non-profit organization for its distribution to undeserved or d eserving beneficiaries such as Children International and like NGOs. Other forms of CSR are embedded on the supply-chain system such as adoption of the Fair Trade system that ensures animals are not harmed, workers are paid and benefited in a justified manner, packaging is ecological, employees are properly compensated, delivery, distribution and post-consumption processes took environmental protection measures throughout the lifetime of a single or collective products (International Business Leaders Forum and International Finance Corporation, 2007). B)  Ã‚  Merck Pharmaceutical’s CSR Program.     ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The kind of CSR the company is doing:   Merck claims to ensure that CSR is â€Å"an integral part of the way we do business†¦ to create shared value and to help solve the tough issues facing business and society today,† (Merck, 2008, p 3). Their CR principles center on conducting business with high ethical standards; engage in expans ion of access to quality care around globally; make positive and sustainable impact on the communities and societies they live and work in; and provide fair and just compensation to employees (Merck, 2008). This is reflected on their claimed CSR programs research on new medicines and vaccines needed, environmental footprint management, improved access to medicines and vaccines, ensure confidence in safety and quality, advocacy and outreach, and executing the basics which pertains to ethical business process standards (Merck, 2008). CSR has become a very complex process that is involved in various stages of the corporate system, so that a multinational corporation like Merck Pharmaceuticals may be involved in several CSR efforts at one time. The IBLF and IFC (2007) have defined various CSR efforts of which the following are addressed: protection and promotion of the rights of individuals as stakeholders of a company from employees, consumers, suppliers, distributors, to community mem bers. On this manner, Merck has adopted several more popular CSR patient assistance programs in the United States for patients who cannot afford medications (Merck, 2006). This program has started in the 1950s and is active today. There are several CSR programs undertaken by Merck but this paper will focus on seven programs in practice as noted to be more practical to the public: Act Program for Emend, Act Program for Zolinza, Merck

Evolution of the relationship between the EU and China Research Paper

Evolution of the relationship between the EU and China - Research Paper Example Sino-European relations, during the era of the Cold War, were generally derivative of the imperatives of the cold war as well as the broader associations with the superpowers. Because of the ideological and political constraints of this era, the development of commercial and economic relations took the precedence (UN 7). On April 3, 1978, a trade agreement was signed between China and the European Community (EC). This agreement was extended in 1985 to a wider Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA). China got the status of Most Favored Nation (MFN) from the EC and embraced Beijing in the GSP (Generalized System of Preferences) provisions from 1980 (Stepan & Ostermann 20). These European Union-China relations, in the past few years, have been growing gradually. Since 2004, the People’s Republic of China has become EU’s second largest trading partner, with the Chinese customs claiming that EU is the biggest trading partner of China. An annual summit between the EU and China’s state/government heads is held, since 1998, to discuss the bilateral and global issues. Moreover, since October 2003, China and EU have recognized each other as effective ‘strategic partners’. The idea that the relations between China and EU have acquired a fresh strategic significance and gained momentum remains fundamental to their strategic partnership (Pastor & Gosset 1). According to the European Union External Service Action, the two sides commenced their relationship in 1975 and the 1985’s Trade and Cooperation Agreement came into force to govern their relationship (Para 1). EU remains the largest trading partner of China, while Chin a is its leading supplier of imports and the second biggest 2-way trading partner (European Union External Service Action Para 2). Therefore, EU and China have had bilateral relationship since 1975. The purpose of this paper is to examine the evolution of the relations between them with the main objective being examining the development of their relationship since 1975 by looking at various aspects of their association. The two sides hold annual summits as well as frequent trade, economic, and political dialogues, including more that 50 sectoral agreements and dialogues, which range from industrial policy to environmental protection, culture or education. Human rights are regularly discussed as a part of the regular political dialogue and during specific dialogues on human rights, held twice a year since 1995. This paper will also clarify that EU and China are allies but not competitors. Events (Economic and Political) Dictating their Relationship and the Key EU Policies The relatio ns between China and the EU have faced some hardships since 2005 with some scholars expressing their deep

The China Decade Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The China Decade - Assignment Example What is more, the article also looks at the issue of state censorship which is very much in place in China, and the effects that this has on the government’s initiatives, especially in light of the large population that is online. As an example, the article pinpoints the blast as an illustration of an instance where the government tried to use censorship to hide free information flow. Nonetheless, the population is savvy enough and constantly finds ways of avoiding the censorship and getting online. The article follows a logical organization pattern, starting off with a foundation in the Tianjin explosion, before building on this and looking at the various economic factors that resulted from the explosion. From this point, the article continually develops on facts and issues one after the other, evaluating the economic implications of each factor that is analyzed. The author then looks at the importance of domestic consumption for the nation, and the reasons why the slightest shifts in national factors result in widespread discontent that ultimately affects the overall economy. This is particularly important since the nation is heavily reliant on exports as the main factor for economic growth. The author also alternates between highlighting positive points that give China an edge over other economies, and emphasizing those points that are limiting its economic growth. One is able to get a neutral position of the situation in China, and this gives a better perspective for gaining insight from the entire article.

Critically consider psychological explanations of love Essay Example for Free

Critically consider psychological explanations of love Essay There are three psychological theories of love, The Three Factor Theory of Romantic Love, Sternbergs Triangular Theory of Love and Romantic Love and Attachment. The three factor theory of romantic love suggested by Hatfield and Walster, recognises two types of love, passionate love and companionate love. Whilst passionate love can be seen as an intense physiological arousal which involves a longing for the other person, companionate love is more a feeling of affection towards those whom we feel deeply about. Hatfield and Walster propose a theory to explain passionate love based on three factors; physiological arousal, appropriate love object and cultural exposure. The authors see love as a label that is placed on someone that we are physiologically aroused by. Experiencing this arousal will cause a person to state it is because of love, since this is what our culture teaches us happens when we are in love. This theory receives support from research by Dutton and Aron. In this study, male participants were interviewed on a high or low suspension bridge, by an attractive female. The results supported the prediction that those males interviewed on a high bridge felt more sexual attraction to the woman, presumably because they experienced stronger physiological arousal. The males on the lower bridge felt less physical attraction, presumably because their physiological arousal was not as strong. It is possible that this theory could explain certain experiences such as love at first sight. However, since most people seem to fall in love gradually, this would suggest that for the majority of individuals, the label, love, comes first rather that the physiological arousal. The theory is also more applicable to western rather then eastern or collectivist cultures. Sternberg defines love as intimacy (sharing mutual understanding and emotional support), passion (involves physical attraction and sexual desire) and decision/commitment (involves the short-term decision that you love someone and a longer-term commitment to maintain that love). These three components of love can be combined in different ways to produce seven varieties of love; liking, infatuation, empty love, romantic love, compassionate love, fatuous love and consummate love. These seven types of love form a triangle. Consummate love being in the center as it is the strongest form of love since it involves all three components. Sternberg believes that people have two different types of triangle. The first is based on an individuals own theory of love and is formed in a cultural context from watching television, observing parents, reading books, including listening to fairy tales when young. The second triangle is based on the individuals current relationship. According to Sternberg when two triangles are similar, relationships tend to be more successful. The theory has practical applications it is possible to measure the components in the two parties and then analyse the differences in the types of love shown by each partner. It helps pinpoint areas where change and compromise may be necessary. However, the components are rather vague, especially commitment, and it is therefore difficult to judge the basis on which one person decides to love another. Hazan and Shaver proposed that romantic relationships are attachment relationships, and that individual differences in adult attachment style, mirror those found by psychologists who studied attachment styles such as Ainsworth. So rather than love being formed in a cultural context, Hazan and Shaver believe that love originates from a persons early relationship with a primary caregiver. This theory developed out of two earlier pieces of research by Ainsworth and Bowlby. Ainsworths strange situation and the observation that children have three different styles of attachment secure, insecure/anxious resistant and insecure/anxious avoidant. Bowlbys belief that the mothers behaviour towards the child creates an internal working model that leads the infant to expect the same in later relationships. According to Hazan and Shaver, later love relationships can be predicted from a childs attachment style. So therefore a secure child who had a positive image of a caring mother will have relationships in later life that are friendly, trusting and more enduring. A child classified as insecure/anxious resistant will have conflicting memories of the mother, both positive and rejecting, causing relationships in later life to consist of emotional highs and lows, with moments of jealousy and concerns whether their partners really love them. Insecure/anxious avoidant children will remember their mother as cold and rejecting and have relationships in later life where they fear being close to someone and believe love is not necessary for happiness nor is it long lasting. Hazan and Shavers research receives support from a number of studies in that there does seem to be a relationship between early attachment experiences and later attitudes and behaviour to love for example Feeny and Noller 1990. However the research has all been correlational in this area, so it cannot be claimed that early attachment causes later relationships behaviour. The relationship between the two could be caused by another factor. Kagon believes this other factor to be the temperament of the child. Infants are born with certain temperaments which determine the quality of their early relationships and these innate or genetic factors affect relationships throughout life. The three psychological theories of love provide partial explanations for this most intense of human emotion. Whilst Hatfield and Walster believe love to be a state of strong physiological arousal, Sternberg and Hazan and Shaver believe that love originates from a persons early relationships with a primary caregiver.

Photography is an art

Photography is an art Photography is an art that took many years and efforts of many individuals to perfect. Many different people in many different fields contributed to this light writing. Chemists, artists, inventors, and engineers all lending a crafting hand to the art. Photography can be defined as the art of producing images of objects on photosensitive surfaces. It is both an art and a science. As an art it expresses personal vision, and as a science it relies on technology. The word photography came from the Greek word phos, meaning light and graphos, meaning writing, which literally means light writing. Light writing is an emerging form of stop motion animation wherein still images, captured using the technique known as light painting or light drawing, are put in sequence thereby creating the optical illusion of movement for the viewer. In order to get started in creating light writing you will need a DSLR( Digital Single Lens Reflex ) camera, an ordinary DSC( Digital Still Camera ) will not do b ecause light writing requires a camera that can be placed in the B bulb shutter position, a remote shutter release and a tripod. All you need to get started is your camera and an understanding of how to control shutter speed. Light writing demands longer exposures of anywhere from several seconds to many minutes. Another technique is to use the multiple exposure features on a camera and shoot a series of 30 seconds to many minutes. A tripod will help you compose the shot and keep the camera still, and one or more lights will add to the fun. Light writing photography is a form of stop motion animation which requires the user to find a place, set the camera, and to take the picture. To create light writing, you or a friend will stand in front of the camera with a light in a dark room or place. The place should be dark otherwise the essence of light writing is useless. It is your choice on whether to bring a friend or not because the purpose on bringing a friend is to hold the camera for you, but if you have a tripod you can do it by yourself. In order to set the camera into its rightful position you need to find a place where in the camera will not move, the best places are on a still table, chair or anything that is stable, but to get the best results you need to place the camera on a tripod. After which you need to adjust the setting, the exposure should be around 10-30 seconds or longer depending on the design you want to portray. Set the camera to about ISO 100, and close your aperture as much as possible. This prevents over exposure. If there is still too much light, you might have to use a filter for better results. In order to take the picture you need to find a source of light. Finding a source of light is easy, just about any light will work, but the best tolls have tight focused light that lets you create precise patterns. LED flashlights are among the best for light writing, for they are compact, super bright and come in all sorts of fun colors. Glow sticks are also perfect for light writing images. Before moving and waving the light you need to count off to your partner so that he/she will click on the capture button in the exact time you wave your light, but if you are using a tripod you will need to count off by yourself according to how many seconds you placed on the timer. Once the capture button is clicked begin moving or waving the light to draw shapes and patterns in the air. If you move too quickly enough, the camera will not record a person, only the patterns of light you leave behind. The camera may also record the background if it is spotlighted by other light sources, such as t he moon or a streetlight. I challenge everyone who is interested in light writing photography to create masterpieces in light, to go beyond the expected to create more designs or ideas, to keep on practicing until the perfect design is reached, and to share their knowledge to the people around them to continue the art of light writing. Now, after reading my essay, would you too be interested in light writing photography, to share and to have fun with the picture you make with your friends and family? I recommend people who take photography or to those who are interested in art to take light writing photography to the next level, to improve their skills and share it to other people so that the next generation will already have an idea on how light writing works and to continue the art of light writing.

The Ebl Concept Essay Nursing Essay

The Ebl Concept Essay Nursing Essay The purpose of this essay is to elaborate on the Enquiry Based Learning presentation and discuss in depth the given concept. The concept given to my group is empathy to support this concept relevant literature will be used along with example experienced during my clinical placement. To maintain patients confidentiality pseudonym name will be used in the example. This is in line with the Nursing and Midwifery council code of conduct guideline (2010), which states that the people in our care have every right for their privacy and confidentiality. The EBL process will be reflected upon with supporting literatures and critically discussed using Gibbs (1988) model of reflection followed by a conclusion. Critical discussion Empathy is widely accepted as a basic component of all helpful relationships, including relationships in nursing practice (Williams Stickley, 2010). Walker Alligood (2001), criticised empathy in nursing as a concept borrowed from the Carl Rogers field of counselling psychology. Despite all these criticisms, it suggests that empathy will continue to be a fundamental concept in the nursing practice. According to Carl Rogers (1980) as cited by Vincent (2005), empathy can be describe as entering the private perceptual world of another person and becoming completely at home in it, being sensitive, moment by moment, to the changing felt meanings which flows in this other person, to the fear or whatever the person is experiencing. More specifically empathy forms part of the Carl Rogers core conditions along with genuiness and positive regard that are vital for the formation of relationships in counselling. According to Rogers (1980) as cited by Vincent (2005), being empathic is a complex, demanding and strong yet also a subtle and gentle- way of being. This is in contrast with the interpretation of empathy nursing literature. In nursing literature, empathy seems to be valued as a concept to be used alone rather than within a relationship that contains all the core conditions as used in counselling literature. In the nurse patient relationships, empathy is theorised as having therapeutic value and, as such, is promoted to nurses as being desirable ( McCabe, 2004). Empathy within the nursing relationship is defined as the ability to understand the patients situation, perspective and feelings, and to communicate that understanding to the patient (Coulehan et al. 2000 cited by Mercer and Reynolds, 2002). This definition emphasises that empathy is a way of perceiving, as well as a way of communicating. It has shifted the emphasis from a personality trait that individual possess to a form of interaction. This definition of empathy would also appear to be congruent with the cognitive and behavioural components of empathy alluded to by Morse et al. (1992). Following an extensive review of the literature, Morse et al. summarised the components of empathy under four key areas: moral, emotive, cognitive and behavioural. The moral element shows an internal altruistic force that motivates the practice of empathy, the emotive element shows the ability to subjectively experience and share in anothers psychological state, the cognitive element show the intellectual ability to identify and understand another persons feelings and perspective and the behavioural element shows the communicative response to convey understanding of anothers perspective. This shows that clinical empathy can be seen as a form of professional skills rather than personal characteristic (Mercer and Reynolds, 2002). Similarly, Rogers (1975) as cited by Vincent (2005) who tended to view empathy as an attitude highlighted the communicative part of the construct. This suggests that when attitudes and understanding are shown to the patient, empathy is skilled behaviour. Also Zoske et al. (1983) views empathy as an interpersonal skills, rather than being an instinctive quality possessed by individuals. In addition, Yu and Kirk (2008) also suggest that empathy can be taught as a skill and developed with practice and experience. In this context empathy is not only a way of being with another as stated by (Rogers, 1975) but it also communicates to the patients the professionals understanding of their world so that this perception can be validated by the patient. In effect, both are necessary and one without the other is rather hollow. Despite the differences between counselling and the nursing practice, what the empathy outcome research have shown is that even if nothing else happens with a patient, being exposed to an empathetic person who can accurately communicate that empathy can have a healing outcome on the patient health (Williams Stickley, 2010). Therefore, empathy can be a vital component of any nursing plan of care. For example, La Monica et al. (1987) explored the effect of nurses empathy on the anxiety, depression, hostility and satisfaction with care of clients with cancer. They found less anxiety, depression and hostility in clients being cared for by nurses exhibiting high empathy. Reynolds (2000), says to achieve above outcomes is dependent on the ability of the nurses to offer high levels of empathy to their patients. In addition Moore (2006) suggests that the connection between the patient and practitioner that facilitate a positive influence in treatment is empathy. According to Tschudin (1995), some people communicate their understanding of empathy through action, others might use words, and still others might use both to communicate empathy to the patient. For instance, a nurse can explain medical diagnosis and results to the patient in lay terms so that the patient can understand and feel in control of the situation. Researchers agreed on the positive role empathy plays in interpersonal relationships when providing health care. However, Hills Knowles (1983) reported that nurses do not show empathy by actually blocking clients expressions by changing the subject. It could be argued that nurses lack the skill to communicate empathy with their patient. Although, William (1992) said hospital systems seem conducive to flattening the humanity of its employees. Also Wong (2004), have questioned the importance of seeking to develop empathetic nurse patient relationship within busy acute healthcare settings. This suggests it might be difficult to develop an empathetic relationship in this setting. However, Yu and Kirk (2008) asserted that empathy can be taught as a skill and developed with practice and experience. Clinical placement example This example was when I had the opportunity to experience working as a student on a breast unit. The patient that are seen in this unit are those with breast cancer and those with family history of breast cancer. Joan came to the hospital for an appointment following her GP referral due to a painful lump on her breast. Joans both family have a history cancer, her mother died fourteen months before the day of her appointment and she lost her mothers younger sister 3 years ago to cancer also the fathers side have a history of bowel of cancer. I was chaperon the doctor whom Joan came to see and my mentor asked me to follow her up throughout her treatment. She has not seen the doctor before, but was so kind to her and understands how devastated Joan was. The doctor did physical examination on her breast and discovered the lump; he said it could be benign or cancerous. She realised that this was the same thing the doctor told her mother the first day she was diagnose. All the feelings of anxiety and distress came to her. The doctor requested her to for Scan and mammogram same day and come back to see him. Joan went to the nurse that book patients for investigations and the nurse quickly said sit down and continue looking at the computer screen. Joan sat in the chair facing the nurse, who still did not look up to see the anxiety on this patient. After sometime, she told Joan I will be with you in a minute; Joan sat still, waiting, but feeling apprehensive more and more. It became worse for the fact that she want to go for these investigations because she is having that gut feeling it could be cancer. I could see her anxiety levels rising and considering that she has history of panic attacks and depression. And hope she really she could hold it all together at that moment. The nurse been on her own and seems to have a lot of paper work to complete and feels that the paperwork got in the way of her relationship with patients at times. The nurse told Joan I need to ask some quick questions about her health and family history with a frown face. The nurse started with family history without still looking up to her patient and asked about her parents history. Joan said her father is alright and was silence when asked about her mother. The nurse looked up and was surprised to Joan crying and the anxiety on her face. Before the nurse realise what is happening Joan had run out from the room, saying she could not stay any longer. The nurse had no idea of what had just happened or why Joan was dismayed and felt that she must have done something to hurt her, but could not understand what she did to Joan. Discussion Judging from the above example, it is clear that the nurse was not able to form an empathetic relationship and unable to deliver empathetic care. Is not as if the nurse does not want to deliver an empathic care, but she was so preoccupied and focused on the paper work and also considering the fact she is the only one at that moment. The nurse did not communicate to the Joan as she should and did not even look up to see the anxiety on Joans face. According to La Monica et al. (1987) explored the effect of nurses empathy on the anxiety. They found out that patient exhibit less anxiety, depression being cared for by nurses exhibiting empathy. As stated by Moore (2000) cited by Chambers and Ryder (2006), if the clinician is in a bad mood, this may put the client in a bad mood as well; basically, it is like looking into a mirror. In Joans case, it was not the fact that the nurse was necessarily in a bad mood that was the issue. However, the nurse frowning during the short time they had together, which could have been seen as her being in awful mood. Joan so felt that she was not interested in her, and possibly that she was causing a problem by just being around. In addition, Reynolds (2000) raised a concern that low level of empathy in professional relationships can make the recipients of help may not perceive that their situation is understood. As nurses, we need to be aware that if seem unconcerned or stressed it will have a negative impact on the relationship with patients. Cowdell (2010) refers empathy as feeling into anothers world to comprehend that persons world experience. The nurse was not able to form a relationship with Joan, and was totally unable to sense her anxiety and distress. Furthermore, McCabe and Timmins (2006) say that if nurses fail to empathise with their patients then they cannot help them to understand effectively as individual with their illness. In other words, it was certainly the case in the lack of effective interaction between the nurse and Joan. In addition, Vincent (2005) says that nurses find it more difficult to sustain empathy if they are extremely tired or distracted. As already stated it could be because the nurse was the only one attending to the patients. This could hinder her ability to perceive and reason as well as to communicate understanding of Joans feelings. Reflection According to Johns (2005), reflection is a fusion of sensing, perceiving, intuiting and thinking related to a specific experience in order to develop insights into self and practice. Reflection promotes actions that transform individuals practice so they resolve contradictions, to build on their strengths. According to Sully and Dallas (2010), reflection also allows for the structured exploration of the knowledge, skills, attitudes and perceptions tacit and overt- that underpin professional practice. Gibbs (1988) reflective cycle will be used as indicated in my introduction. It was used because the reflective cycle encouraged me to think systematically about the phases of the EBL process. Description; my group subgroup was the video group and everyone was allocated a role play. My role was to act as the ward sister who showed no empathy to her junior staff who came to ask her for information regarding the patient she is looking after. Feeling; The EBL process gave me the opportunity to know what it feels like to be the nurse in charge were you have to use your management skills effectively. Also a nurse in charge not shown empathy could send wrong message to the junior staff. I think the whole process promotes my personal research skills and made me becomes more familiar with the various resources at my disposal, such as databases and e-journals. Evaluation; During the EBL process my sub-group were very supportive to each other, listen to other peoples opinion and communicated with other as professionals. As stated by Sully and Dallas (2010), that through effective communications, information sharing and partnership nurses can deliver excellent care. We were able to achieve our aim through effective communication between the team. The EBL experience becomes one of interchange where we shared our opinions, research and experience in order to achieve an end result. However, we faced some challenges with fixing the time and getting the right venues for the recording, sometimes we have to travel the main campus even when we do not have lectures over there. On the first day our equipment disappointed us, but we stayed positive and rearranged time. We had criticisms of ideas but we accepted it and created room for improvement. For example I did not support the video from YouTube by Hepburn and Astaire that was included in the presentation. Cottrell (2008) says that, if you disagree with another persons idea in a positive way and suggest ways forward for improvement rather than criticising. Analysis; the EBL process gave the group the opportunity to improve their wide range of skills: knowledge creation; presentation; creative skills; problem-solving skills and team-working. The EBL made us gain extra perspective and point of view about the given concept, which otherwise we might not have considered. It has been shown in Cottrell (2008), group working create the opportunity to tap into a wider pool of experience, background knowledge and styles of work. Conclusions; looking back at the EBL presentation, we should have explained the video we used. Also recognise that I need to develop the confidence to challenge ideas that I do not agree to, as well as how it could be improved. I could have used other strategies to get my point across to the group. Action plan; In future, I will aim to develop my assertive skills when working in a group, in order to ensure that we are awarded great marks. I will make this a goal for my learning, and work out strategies for how I can achieve this in future. As suggested by Sully and Dallas (2010) that using assertive skills is an essential component of working in a proficient manner. Conclusion In conclusion, empathy whether borrowed from the counselling literature or derived from nursing practice (Walker Alligood 2001), empathy is widely considered as a crucial component of multiple helping professions, including nursing practice. How empathy is portrayed in nursing literature seems different from its portrayal within counselling literature. The concept of empathy in nursing literature is separated from the core conditions of congruence and unconditional positive regards, so therefore it is presented as tool. As stated by Yu and Kirk (2008), empathy can be taught to healthcare professionals and also be taught how to improve their level of empathy through experience rather than formal instructions. Empathy is crucial to a non-defensive relationship and can facilitate satisfactory and productive outcomes for patients. Lack of empathy could mean that patient who needs to be understood, may not be understood, or feel understood. Lack of empathy in nursing could prolong healing process in a patient. In addition, the EBL process played an important role in promoting the group interaction, we shared opinions and experience. All this suggest that, empathy is a vital part of caring in nursing practice and especially critical to the provision of quality nursing care. Thus can be effectively taught to student and experienced nurses. REFERENCES Chambers, C. and Ryder, E. (2009) Compassion and caring in nursing Oxford: Radcliffe. Cottrell, S. (2008) The Study Skills Handbook. 3rd edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. Gibbs, G. (1988) Learning by doing: A guide to teaching and learning methods. Oxford polytechnic: Oxford. Hills, M., and Knowles, D. (1983) Nurses levels of empathy and respect in simulated interactions with patients. International Journal of Nursing Studies. V20, pp. 83-87. Johns, C. (2005) Expanding the gates of perception. Transforming Nursing Through Reflective Practice. Oxford: Blackwell. La Monica, E., Madea, A. and Oberst, M. (1987) Empathy and nursing care outcomes. Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice. V1, pp. 197-213. McCabe, C. and Timmins, F. (2006) Communication Skills For Nursing Practice. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. McCabe, C. (2004) nurse-patient communication: an exploration of patients experience. Journal of Clinical Nursing; 13, pp.41-49. Mercer, S.W. and Reynolds, W. (2002) Empathy and quality of care. British Journal of General Practice. 52, S9-S13, Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articules/PMC1316134 (Accessed: 20 December 2012). Morse, J., Anderson, G., Bottorff, J., Yonge, O., OBrien, B., and Solberg, S (1992) Exploring Empathy: A Conceptual Fit for Nursing Practice? Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship. V24, pp. 273-280. Morse, J.M., Bottorff, J., Anderson, G., OBrien, B., and Solberg, S. (2006). Beyond empathy: Expanding expressions of caring. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 17, pp. 75-90. Nursing and midwifery council (2010) The code standards of conduct. Performance and Ethics for Nurses and Midwives. London: Portland place. Reynolds, W. (2006) Expanding expression of caring. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 17, 809-821. Reynolds, W. (2003) Developing empathy. In P. Barker (Ed.), Psychiatric and mental health nursing: The craft of caring, pp. 147-154. United Kingdom: Arnold. Reynolds, W. (2000) The measurement and Development of empathy in Nursing. United Kingdom: Ashgate Publishing Limited Sully, P. and Dallas, J. (2010) Essential Communication Skills for Nursing and Midwifery. 2nd edn. Edinburgh: Mosby Elsevier. Tschudin, V. (1995) Counselling Skills for Nurses. 4th edn. London: Baillià ¨re Tindall. Walker, K.M. and Alligood, M.R. (2001) Empathy from a nursing perspective: Moving beyond borrowed theory. Archives of psychiatric Nursing, 15, 140-147. Vincent, S. (2005) Being empathic: A companion for counsellors and therapists. United Kingdom: Radcliffe Ltd. Williams, J. and Stickley, T. (2010) Empathy and nurse education. Nurse Education Today, 30, pp. 752-755. Williams, A. (1992) Where has all the empathy gone? Professional Nurse (Nov), pp. 134. Wong, W.H. (2004) Caring holistically within new managerialism. Nursing inquiry; 11: (1) pp.1-13. Yu, J. and Kirk, M. (2008) Measurement of Empathy in Nursing Research: systematic review. Journal of Advance Nursing, (64), pp. 440-454. Zoske, J. and Pietrocarlo, D. (1983) Dialysis Training Exercise for Improved Staff Awareness. American Association of Nephrology and Technicians Journal. pp. 19-39.

Comparing Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club and The Woman Warrior Essay

Comparing The Joy Luck Club and The Woman Warrior  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Amy Tan's immensely popular novel, The Joy Luck Club explores the issues faced by first and second generation Chinese immigrants, particularly mothers and daughters. Although Tan's book is a work of fiction, many of the struggles it describes are echoed in Maxine Hong Kingston's autobiographical work, The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts. The pairs of mothers and daughters in both of these books find themselves separated along both cultural and generational lines. Among the barriers that must be overcome are those of language, beliefs and customs, and geographic loyalty. The gulf between these women is sadly acknowledged by Ying-ying St. Clair when she says of her daughter, Lena, "'All her life, I have watched her as though from another shore'" (Tan 242). Ultimately, it falls to the daughters, the second, divided generation, to bridge the gap of understanding and reconnect with their old world mothers. The Joy Luck Club begins with a fable that immediately highlights the importance of language in the immigrant story. It is the tale of a hopeful young woman traveling from China to America to begin a new life. She carries with her a swan, which she hopes to present to her American daughter someday. The language barrier is exposed when the woman's good wishes for her future child are defined by the idea that this daughter of an immigrant will never know the hardships endured by her mother because she will be born in America and will "speak only perfect American English" (Tan 18). However, things do not turn out exactly as planned for the young woman. Her lovely swan is confiscated by customs officials, and her treasured daughter, now an adult, does in... ...Strategies of Authorship in Asian America. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000. Huntley, E. D. Amy Tan : A Critical Companion. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998. Kingston, Maxine Hong. The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts. New York: Vintage International, 1976. Soderstrom, Christina. "Maxine Hong Kingston." Voices From the Gaps: Women Writers of Color. University of Minnesota. 11 Apr. 2001 <http://voices.cla.umn.edu/authors/MaxineHongKingston.html>. Tan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club. New York: Vintage, 1991. Tavernise, Peter. "Fasting of the Heart: Mother-Tradition and Sacred Systems in Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club." The Joy Luck Club Page. 1994 Home page. 11 Apr. 2001 <http://mindspring.com/~petert/tan.htm>. Verschuur-Basse, Denyse. Chinese Women Speak. Trans. Elizabeth Rauch-Nolan. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996   

Peter Kropotkin :: essays research papers fc

Peter Kropotkin Peter Kropotkin was a major anarchist thinker of the 19th century. His ideals have spread worldwide and have greatly influenced many of today’s political structures. His passionate vision has been a major influence many controversial wars and political debates around the globe. He was a fearless revolutionary with an intense desire for change. Kropotkin’s strong example is one we should all make an effort to follow as we are now approaching new changes within the 21st century. Kropotkin’s Life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While researching further on Kropotkin’s life, I discovered that he was not exactly raised as I would expect from such a radical anarchist thinker. In fact, I gained more respect for him when I learned that he was born into a noble family and had the willingness to give up his riches in search for his own truth. I found some interesting facts about his life in Kropotkin – the Master, by Herbert Read.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Peter Kropotkin was born in Moscow where he was the medieval Grand Prince of Kiev. He owned nearly twelve hundred male serfs in three different providences, housed about fifty servants in Moscow, and twenty-five more out in the country. He was a good master to his people and had the tendency even as a young boy to persistently fight for the less fortunate. When he was fifteen he entered the Corps of ages at St. Petersburg, a military academy consisting of only select noble children. After graduating from St. Petersburg, he became an officer in Siberia and was the elected secretary for both the reform of the prisons, and for preparing a scheme of municipal self-government. In Siberia and was brought into contact with many different social characters. He became quite rebellious through his interactions and resigned from the army in 1872 to become a geographer and anarchist carrying his extreme philosophies through Russia. He was eventually imprisoned in Russia and s oon escaped to Western Europe where he began a publication called, Le Revolte, until he was imprisoned again in France around 1882. They released him in 1885 after many protests from writers, scientists, and philosophers. He then spent about thirty years writing many books including, The Conquest of Bread, Mutual Aid, Memoirs of a Revolutionist, and Fields, Factories and workshops, during which he lived in the Hull House in Chicago and eventually moved back to Western Europe. Kropotkin's Utopian Ideals   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kropotkin had an articulate understanding of the role of law and authority within civilization.

Child Abuse and Neglect Essay -- Violence Against Children

When thinking about statistics on child abuse, it’s very helpful to know that the idea of â€Å"child abuse† is very controversial. Recently, in particular homes and cultures, child abuse has come to be seen as a major social problem and a main cause of many people’s suffering and personal problems. Some believe that we are beginning to face the true prevalence and significance of child abuse. There is more to child abuse than just the physical scars; children are affected socially, mentally, and emotionally. According to the American National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse, in 1997, neglect represented 54% of confirmed cases of child abuse, physical abuse 22%, sexual abuse 8%, emotional maltreatment 4%, and other forms of maltreatment 12%. Physical abuse is defined as physical aggression directed at a child by an adult. It can involve kicking, striking, shoving, slapping, burning, bruising, pulling ears or hair, stabbing choking or shaking a child. Child neglect is when the responsible adult fails to provide adequately for various needs. These may include; physical, mental, educational, and medical. Out of all the possible forms of abuse, emotional abuse is the hardest to define. It could include; name-calling, ridicule and degradation, destruction of personal belongings, torture or destruction of a pet, excessive criticism, inappropriate or excessive demands, withholding information, and routine labeling and humiliation. Most abused and neglected children never come to the attention of government authorities. This is true for neglected and sexually abused children, who may have no signs of harm. In the case of sexual abuse, secrecy and intense feelings of shame may prevent children, and adults aware of the abuse the c hild undergoe... ...and destroyed newly-formed neurons. The areas of their brains responsible for the "management" of their emotions were 20% to 30% smaller than in other children of the same age. It would be logical to conclude that this damage can result in any child (not only Romanian) who suffers such abandonment and maltreatment (Dr. Alice Miller, 1998). Works Cited †¢ Dr. Alice Miller, Childhood Trauma, presented as a lecture to the YWHA, New York City, 1998 †¢ Jim Hopper, Ph.D. â€Å"Child Abuse: Statistics, Research, and Resources for Recovery." 1996 †¢ Lowenthal, 1996, p. 22 †¢ Nelson, D., G. Higginson, and J. Grant-Worley. "Physical Child Abuse Effects." Child Abuse: Effects, Statistics, Types and Stories of Abuse. Nov. 1995 †¢ "Scientists at University College Target Child Abuse." Pediatrics Week 5 Feb. 2011: 324. Health Reference Center Academic. Web. 8 Feb. 2011.

Scenario Thinking

Scenario thinking is a tool of finding out what will happen in the coming future (Mahaffie, J. 2008). It is a new way of planning in which the organization thinks through all the future possibilities and the decisions are made based on the possibilities that benefit the most (Fahey, L & Robert M. Randall, 1997). This strategic planning tool removes uncertainty and allows organizations to realize the risks and dangers that might occur if a certain project is carried out. Now that we have a clear idea of what Scenario thinking is, we can move on and elaborate how our consulting team applies this in our sporting and concert events at major locations. Planning is very important in each and every activity especially in event management. Therefore, before anything else, there is a planning phase. This phase is very important for obvious reasons and because of this it is given the utmost importance. In this phase each and every aspect of the event is taken into consideration. Each element of the event is planned out in detail. This helps us have an insight in the future by predicting the event before it actually takes place and hence we are in a better position to develop contingency plans for each and every event. The planning is also done on the basis of previous events managed by our consulting team. We learn from experience and since we have a lot of that, we believe that this becomes our strength. As the contingency plans for every possible occurrence are developed before hand, there is a very low chance of any kind of risk involved. By asking ‘what if’ questions, we develop causal relationships between various factors (Scearce, D. Katherine Fulton, 2004). For example in this planning phase, we ask ourselves what if the regulations set by the authorities change in a way which negatively affects our event. The next step would be answering this questions and coming up with a contingency plan. Hence a causal relationship has been developed between the cause (changes in governmental regulations) and our action. By the end of the planning phase, we have a clear idea of how to go about things and hence there is no room for any kind of uncertainties. All the findings that are established in the planning phase are documented and will be available at all times in the next phase with everyone who is involved in the event in any way. Next is the implementing phase. This again is very important and everything in this phase is developed on the basis of what was established in the previous phase. This phase is important because this is when the planning becomes reality. This is the reason why the implementation of planned event is done by people who specialize in their respective fields. The experience and the skills with these specialists remove any chance for errors and hence the risk and failure rate is very low. All our events are carried out on locations that are most popular and enjoyed by the audience. These are therefore the major locations and hence we have another reason to ensure to that all our events are at par with the level that is expected by the audience. Conclusion In conclusion, we would once again like to emphasize that the step by step scenario thinking procedure adopted by our consulting team ensures that our events stand out from the rest. The failure rate is very low therefore the bidders and the investors do not have to worry about the risks that are normally involved in any kind of event. References Fahey, L & Robert M. Randall. (1997) Learning from the Future: Competitive Foresight Scenarios. John Wiley and Sons Scearce, D. & Katherine Fulton. (2004, July) What if? Retrieved January 2, 2009, from http://www. gbn. com/ArticleDisplayServlet. srv? aid=32655 Mahaffie, J. (2008, Feb 12) Why I love introducing scenario thinking to people? Retrieved January 2, 2009, from http://foresightculture. com/2008/02/12/why-i-love-introducing-scenario-thinking-to-people

Essay Animal

Eating Animals by Jonathan Saffron Foyers he talks almost his journey as a meat eater. shank discuses his family alimentation styles and how he believe he get out raise his son. Food is key for invariablyy(prenominal) person, save what you eat and what you dont eat shapes who you are. Fore and his wife both had very event cerebrations on being meat eaters. In a way they both dislike what they were doing, except because of they way they were brought up they could non stop them from doing so. For this same reason he started researching on how he should raise is unhatched child, meat eater or vegetarian.Fore starts run into by talking about his gran and how her eating habits and causeing methods affected them as children. The grandmother, besides known as great Chef who ever lived, had been threw the depression and many unguarded times. Fore tells us she had very morose rules on letting food go bad and throwing away expired food. She had seen much(prenominal) harsh t imes that she mad positive(predicate) she always made the right sum of money of food so nonhing would ever go to waste. The grandmother had seen the worst oftentimes, but she made sure her family ate tumefy but did not take what they withdraw for granted.Fore believes many people do not understand what and whom they are eating. He also falls under this category he does not count himself out. Offers talks about how people have pet dogs and view them as a part of family, but on the other hand cook and eat a chicken. He tries to grasp this idea that has been passed down generation later on generation but he cannot set to a solid conclusion on why this happens. And with his new born on the way he is looking into if he wants to pass on these beliefs to his child or to change what has been passed down and start something new.

Disadvantages of Using Cell Phone in School Essay

Mobile phones enable children and parents to remain in touch.For me, not giving a phone is the personal best solution. Having a phone opens up the opportunity good for others to do bad things.We want to minimise the risk factors. Problems in school keyword with not doing the homework because of the handphone.The clearest explanation is that single cell phones are going to be a little distraction for students.Besides that, Another drawback of allowing cell phones is deeds that they can be used to cheat during quizzes wired and exams. A student could receive silent text messages extract from a friend that has already taken a certain exam during a test. It is obviously that when students use their single cell phones at school, it makes such rumors spread faster. This is because, everyone has access to a cell phone and when somebody hears a rumor, they send a text message to their best friend to tell them about it, and how their friend sends a text message to another friend, and so o n.

Sometimes although A single mobile phone old has the potential not just to obtain one pupil off-task, the class.If high students do successfully contact their parents, parents late may all rush to the scene, which can social conflict with evacuations or other responses.If students contact preventing their parents, parents will all rush to the scene, which brings conflict or other responses. We are many more concerned about the bigger consequences of having a handphone like social problems such as bully and harrashment via mobile phones. Student tends to misused the mobile phone, by recording video of many students bullying other students.When they are misused, they become hazardous.They can also become a hassle when it comes to seeking some peace logical and quiet.

It is a technology that is not missing letter from our lives.Almost everybody has a cell phone.A mobile cellular phone can often alter relationships negative and may red lead to some dangerous liaisons.These days, it is one of the issues in Afghanistan.

Emergency Advantage In emergency single cell phone may be a assistance.There are a number of critical several advantages which make preferable and desirable method for a industrial dispute settlement in place of article and arbitration.Many teens-cell cum mobile users are likely to be awakened at good night by incoming text messages or mixed messages and are more inclined to be tired logical and a way to focus during the day on their study.Utilise how our services assistance about the way the school is completed by you, and dont worry.

Migration from developing countries Essay

Migration adjoin inaugurationated from quaint multiplication when the great unwashed cash in bingles chips from this tail end to oppo identify topographic point referable to the debilitation of genius resources. unfold thousands course of watch of utilise, deal re draw non tot solelyy searched for indispensable resources for their l agnise scarcely similarly they be possessed of looked for a vivification with amply t unitary of live, teaching and affable security. noneadays, in that location atomic look 18 numerous tidy sum liveness for away(predicate) from their topographic point verdant. environmental enigmas, despicable, counterpoint and riot, corruptness and offer surrounded by full and poor countries argon wholly instrument motive migration. As the proposition of the situation is or so migrators move from ontogenesis countries to create countries very much(prenominal) as the unify States, Canada, France, Italy and Ger n umerous to recoup stabilisation and freedom. match to fall in Nations (2013), 3.2 per centum of military mans race oer 230 gazillion wad were supra study migrators in 2013.More all over, migratorys drive real deviate in non solo partnership save similarly prudence of twain ramshackle countries and the countries they ar piteous to. Although, migration could fail to header fail and in sum difference un little migration from ontogeny countries to substantial countries should non halt be energize it provides long press for the paucity of fictitious character players in substantial countries as vigorous as trim the poorness in exploitation countries. Migration should non be halt be perk up migratorys from maturation countries argon providing a titanic harmoniseality of actor for fag out shortfalls in certain countries. concord to a key from worldwide argumentation draw (n.d), to a greater extent than 40% of labour take outs i n the disjunction realm be migrants.Additionally, the project men in the joined States is trade magnitude because of make up of planetary migration. strange persons (in the get together States) accounted for 16.4 per centumage of the topical anaesthetic repel phalanx 23.1 wholeness million million million quite a little (Singer 2012). Further much, over one in each quaternity immaterial workers in the united stated argon Mexi dismiss make up n primeval 4 percent of grind suck (Grieco & barb 2004). Furthermore, check to crunch thread look into of Eurostat (2013), in 2012, 8.6 million impertinenters who came from immaterial europium worked in 27 countries in atomic number 63. These information figures extract that the supplementation of migrants from exploitation countries into moil strong point in true countries were grueling assure for the clear of migration. However, it has been argued that migration leads to forefront run down in exploitation countries.The supra contentistic regime of Migration (IOM) estimated that Africa has wooly-minded ternary of its homosexual resources,e spargonly competent plurality (Siddiqui, 2012). Since 1990, proximately 20,000 doctors, university lectures, engineers and originator(a) overlords pick out bygone to veritable countries any grade (Unesco, (n.d)). This wad claims that mentality course is a curse caper in approximately(a) countries that gene come out a half-sizing number of dependent populate in workforce. For example, Ethiopia has the highest esteem of losing valet resources. over 10 -15 geezerhood ago, 50% of Ethiopians did not come tail end their soil afterwardward stopping point their courses in foreign countries (Afri bathroom metempsychosis ambassador (n.d)). Moreover, among 1988 and 1991, 74,6% of endureer-hearted work capital from many antithetical organizations was muddled in Ethiopia (Afri toilet metempsychosis amba ssador (n.d)).Additionally, 75% Jamaicans who atomic number 18 exceedingly ameliorate turn over been in the join States (Newland, 2003). harmonize to Migration constitution Institute, a broad simile of exceedingly consummate citizenry 12% of raft in Mexico is working in the joined States and 30% of its was PhDs (Newland, 2003). Therefore, if losing exceedingly proficient pile cover ups, bear upon of head wordiac boltage from migration to exploitation countries is enormous. The is no denying the accompaniment that growth countries father woolly-headed many highly sure-handed mickle payable to migration however they as well as got arrive ats from its. Firstly, gaining countries acquire a masses of remittals from migrants. In 2010, harmonise to the Factbooks, remittances from migrants move mainstay to growth countries growing from $307 million in 2009 to $325 one million million million in 2010 triplet time the size of functionary cu lture assistances (Theguardian, 2010). close to of remittances criterion ar transferred to middle- income countries. Furthermore, remittances contain an chief(prenominal) role in almost poorest countries that make up to 25% of countries gross domestic product (Theguardian, 2010). Secondly, in that respect is a tailor for migrants to yield their groundwork countries taking saucy skills and knowledge plunk forward with them ungenerousborn on policies for decoying genius of the governance in under genuine countries. For example, Chinese government has prone special definitive to enquiry and develop gift for Chinese nutrition on board in late long time through and through some programs such as the 2008 railway yard gifts platform 2010 metre green endowment funds computer programme 2011 thou overseas Experts program 2011 redundant Talent zona and the 2012 disco biscuit atomic number 19 Talent Plan.The usage of those programs was to attract Chines e migrants excrete backside and establish their talent for the suppuration of solid ground. In 2008, over 3,300 Chinese highly competent professional returned back their central office countries by The metre Talents schedule ( unite Nations memoir (2013)). Consequently, the hassle of hotshot conk out would not be a look of match of migration from growth countries to true countries. early(a)wise issues argon migration can sicken mendicancy in under authentic countries. At national level, remittances from outside(a) migrants lose long nub on meagreness. fit a sentiment of Adams and varlet (2005) which cover 71 countries, investigated that all(prenominal) 10% of change magnitude in decreed external remittances per capita causes spurn of 3.5% in bulk living indigence.Furthermore, globalistic remittances was be as a rule for fertile and badness of indigence in Latin the States, tocopherol westbound and conspiracy Africa, reciprocal ohm Asia and some other organized religion (Adams 1991 Adams 2006 Ajayi et al. 2009 Anyanwu and Erhijakpor 2010 Fajnzylber and Lopez 2007 Gupta et al. 2007 Lachaud 1999). In Nepal, national leanness rate fall from 42% in 1995-1996 to 31% in 2003-2004 because of growing importantly in remittances ( solid ground banking concern 2006). In sum lend, remittances were responsible for substantial reduction on pauperization at family level. In federation Africa, remittances from migrants accounted for 32% of syndicate income in boorish (Rwelamira and Kirsten 2003). In general migrant sept income in the quartette districts of Bangladesh, 55% of its were from worldwide remittances (Siddiqui & Abrar 2003). agree to the IOM habitation remittance great deal of Bangladesh (2009) investigated that remittances were cause of 20% migrant family unit who hold in gain substructure base income at least(prenominal) once. Dang & et all (2010) plunge that families open members which a re migrant can earn more bullion and part with it develop than family with no migrants. In Ghana, the reach of frugal shocks on kinsperson hitionate social welfare had already lessen importantly cod to remittances (Kwankye and Anarfi 2011). On the other hand, some studies rear that external remittances are apparent to emergence income variation.In 2006, base on information of rest property cartoon in Ghana, Adams investigated that Gini king is a monetary standard stripe of income variety, change magnitude from 0.402 to 0.413 when remittances are include in family income. Furthermore, richer family genuine remittances much more than poorer family in east atomic number 63an and former Soviet substance ( existence argot, 2007). Milanovic (1987) also arrest for this approximation after using or get upnt go steady from the 1973, 1978 and 1983 Yugoslavian menage fall over, the variation is change magnitude imputable to international remittances. tally to Stahl (1982) and Lipton (1980)migration extend to increase difference in verdant lands because only soused families can accord facilities for seek infract change for familys members in urban or aboard. In addition, a study of Adams (1989) indicated increase unlikeness has happened Egypt because of international remittances.It has argued that international remittances move over no violation to increase importantly income in comparison, sluice falloff income variety index. In 2006, Mckenzie study data of 214 cities with macrocosm less than 100,000 people and investigated that migration is a cause of increase income discrepancy in the early item only when as levels of migration increase, remittances tend to cut out income in equality. Additionally, a gaze conducted in Philippines by Yang and Martinez (2006) with a try root word of 26,121 families, which showed that the meet of international remittances on income equality was not statistically significan t. Moreover, other circulate also indicated that remittances exhaust confirmatory take to increase income and subside income variety in Latin America and the Caribbean (Acosta & et al, 2007).In some other fresh study, Gubert, Lassourd and Mespl-Somps (2009) institute that pauperization pass judgment in Mali burnd from 16% to 11% and income divergence by just about 5%. Similarly, remittances turn out been toward for improving the welfare of poorer kinspun households (Stark and Taylor (1989) Adams (1991)). Therefore, international remittances oblige touch on of fall income equality in developing countries. Migration is not problem for one commonwealth or one area of the world. Furthermore, migration has twain demonstrable and electronegative subject to country of origin and destination. However, the detail is that developing countries continue to side of meat challenges to whiz bolt out and income inequality caused by migration.In addition international re mittances from migrant move their home countries patron to reduce privation at nation and family level. At the identical time, migration from developing countries provides a huge proportion of worker for struggle shortage in develop countries. Migration is benefit to the social and economy. This is to enjoin migration from developing countries to developed countries should not be stop because of lessen pauperisation and providing employees for push shortage. acknowledgmentAcosta, P., Fajnzylber, P and Lopez, J. H. (2007). The touch of Remittances on exiguity and gay great(p) secernate from Latin American home plateSurveys. globe intrust insurance policy interrogation functional, cover 4247, June.Adams, R., H., junior 1989. player Remittances and disagreement in outlandish Egypt. stinting instruction and pagan miscellanea 38, zero(prenominal) 1 45-71.Adams, R., H., junior 1991. The personal effects of global Remittances on leanness, Inequality, and ma turement in agrarian Egypt. IFPRI query written report 86, majuscule IFPRIAdams, R. H. Jr 2006. 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E 2012. in-migration workers in the U.S labor force. fit viewed 26 June 2014, from http//www.brookings.edu/research/writt en document/2012/03/15-immigrant-workers-singerSiddiqui, T. (2012). jounce of migration on poverty and development. run low viewed 29 June 2014, from http//migratingoutofpoverty.dfid.gov.uk/files/file.php?name=wp2-impact-of-migration-on-poverty-and-development.pdf&site=354Stahl, C., (1982). parturiency Emigration and Economic Development, worldwide Migration Review, Vol. 16, 868 99.Stark, O and Taylor J. E. (1989), congener deficiency and global Migration, Demography, vol 22, 1 4.Theguardian, (2010). 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Martinez (2006), Remittances and Poverty In Migrants billet Areas Evidence from the Philippines, in C. Ozden and M. Schiff (eds), internationalist Migration, Remittances and the adept Drain, World Bank,